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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperkomplexe Zahl</span></h1>
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<p><b>Hyperkomplexe Zahlen</b> sind Verallgemeinerungen der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a>. In diesem Artikel werden hyperkomplexe Zahlen als <a href="Algebraische_Struktur" title="Algebraische Struktur">algebraische Struktur</a> betrachtet. Manchmal werden auch die <a href="Quaternion" title="Quaternion">Quaternionen</a> als <i>die</i> hyperkomplexen Zahlen bezeichnet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine hyperkomplexe Zahl ist ein Element einer <a href="Algebra_%C3%BCber_einem_K%C3%B6rper" title="Algebra über einem Körper">Algebra</a> hyperkomplexer Zahlen.
Eine Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> über den <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen Zahlen</a> heißt <i>Algebra hyperkomplexer Zahlen</i> oder <i>hyperkomplexes System des Rangs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span></i>, wenn
</p>
<ul><li>sie als <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> endliche <a href="Dimension_(Mathematik)" title="Dimension (Mathematik)">Dimension</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> hat und wenn</li>
<li>sie ein Einselement besitzt, das heißt, falls ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\in A}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/843f78019185a88194819381dbb89a7c99d620e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.667ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert, so dass für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a97387981adb5d65f74518e20b6785a284d7abd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.814ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\in A}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\cdot a=a\cdot e=a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\cdot a=a\cdot e=a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/661e642c78b16962baa4d73008f278e774ad11c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.412ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\cdot a=a\cdot e=a}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.</li></ul>
<p>Manche Autoren fordern zusätzlich, dass die Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> bezüglich der Multiplikation <a href="Assoziative_Algebra" title="Assoziative Algebra">assoziativ</a> ist. Insbesondere sind die reellen Zahlen selbst eine <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a> hyperkomplexer Zahlen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>Für die Addition gelten das <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">Kommutativgesetz</a> und das <a href="Assoziativgesetz" title="Assoziativgesetz">Assoziativgesetz</a>.</li>
<li>Die Addition ist <a href="Inverses_Element" title="Inverses Element">invertierbar</a>.</li>
<li>Das linksseitige und das rechtsseitige <a href="Distributivgesetz" title="Distributivgesetz">Distributivgesetz</a> gilt.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die Multiplikation in einer hyperkomplexen Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Bilineare_Abbildung" title="Bilineare Abbildung">bilinear</a> über den reellen Zahlen, d.&nbsp;h., es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\alpha x)(\beta y)=\alpha \beta (xy)~~\forall \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {R} ;~x,y\in A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\alpha x)(\beta y)=\alpha \beta (xy)~~\forall \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {R} ;~x,y\in A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f04c0080ce36434fc11d0052de6bbbc1b9b3acc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.679ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\alpha x)(\beta y)=\alpha \beta (xy)~~\forall \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {R} ;~x,y\in A}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Folgende Eigenschaften werden nicht gefordert:
</p>
<ul><li>Für die Multiplikation von hyperkomplexen Zahlen muss das <a href="Kommutativgesetz" title="Kommutativgesetz">Kommutativgesetz</a> nicht gelten.</li>
<li>Elemente müssen bezüglich der Multiplikation nicht notwendig <a href="Inverses_Element" title="Inverses Element">invertierbar</a> sein.</li>
<li>Die Multiplikation braucht nicht <a href="Nullteiler" title="Nullteiler">nullteilerfrei</a> zu sein.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konjugation">Konjugation</h2></div>
<p>Hyperkomplexe Zahlen lassen sich wie folgt als Summe darstellen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=a_{0}1+a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}+\dotsb +a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=a_{0}1+a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}+\dotsb +a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a58acf704a59c67a7b15af07f52bf826a55662e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:27.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=a_{0}1+a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}+\dotsb +a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/425553985518eb3158bb821ba2cecd580a2f58bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.736ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27b3af208b148139eefc03f0f80fa94c38c5af45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k>0}" loading="lazy"></span> heißen <i>imaginäre Einheiten</i>. Die zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> konjugierte Zahl entsteht, indem alle imaginären Einheiten durch ihr Negatives ersetzt werden (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}\mapsto -\mathrm {i} _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}\mapsto -\mathrm {i} _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0db99334af58d0c77689f29d282beb531abb880f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.893ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} _{k}\mapsto -\mathrm {i} _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Die zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> konjugiert komplexe Zahl wird durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6513ea66e4b94de05c92bc66f00e6e021d1c2a9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e8ebbdafec4421aba60c540bcd665fe9aaa5c51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.284ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt. Ihre Summendarstellung ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a_{0}1-a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}-\dotsb -a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a_{0}1-a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}-\dotsb -a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/823167ebfb04cc3250ca6aa556c2ed0ab51cd359.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:27.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {a}}=a_{0}1-a_{1}\mathrm {i} _{1}-\dotsb -a_{n}\mathrm {i} _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Konjugation ist eine <a href="Involution_(Mathematik)" title="Involution (Mathematik)">Involution</a> auf den hyperkomplexen Zahlen, das heißt, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {a}}}=a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {a}}}=a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/138edf885c369bd44b7c7006801acee7309a9ddc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.558ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {a}}}=a}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komplexe_Zahlen">Komplexe Zahlen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">Komplexe Zahl</a></i></div>
<p>Die komplexen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> sind ein hyperkomplexes <a href="Zahlensystem" title="Zahlensystem">Zahlensystem</a>, definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=a+b\mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=a+b\mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d7f54052b27c21d6073ea59a31e499ea689970f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.901ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=a+b\mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span>  mit  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1903180d4ecaf05f4aef81a8ad389025f89c9d34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=-1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anormal-komplexe_Zahlen">Anormal-komplexe Zahlen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Anormal-komplexe_Zahl" title="Anormal-komplexe Zahl">Anormal-komplexe Zahl</a></i></div>
<p>Die anormal-komplexen Zahlen sind definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=a+bj}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=a+bj}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b024550c5a65b7497c6de8473ac96e968f2895cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.212ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=a+bj}" loading="lazy"></span>  mit  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j^{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j^{2}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcfe0d8ae3c385ce745b519084eeb8bfce87f779.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:6.3ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j^{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duale_Zahlen">Duale Zahlen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Duale_Zahl" title="Duale Zahl">Duale Zahl</a></i></div>
<p>Die <a href="Duale_Zahl" title="Duale Zahl">dualen Zahlen</a> sind definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z=a+b\varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z=a+b\varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd3e843b12f3e6f4e6ade0c2ab427217d7c7ab2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.338ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z=a+b\varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>  mit  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68eddcca75ba10af115dde98b267c3afd5341d40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.399ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Man beachte, dass sie nichts mit <a href="Dualsystem" title="Dualsystem">Dualzahlen</a> (Darstellung von Zahlen im Zweiersystem) zu tun haben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaternionen">Quaternionen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Quaternion" title="Quaternion">Quaternion</a></i></div>
<p>Die Quaternionen sind definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{0}+x_{1}\mathrm {i} +x_{2}\mathrm {j} +x_{3}\mathrm {k} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">j</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{0}+x_{1}\mathrm {i} +x_{2}\mathrm {j} +x_{3}\mathrm {k} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3a2017fd83084b33830c3b49616643145cb193b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.643ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{0}+x_{1}\mathrm {i} +x_{2}\mathrm {j} +x_{3}\mathrm {k} }" loading="lazy"></span>  mit  <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=\mathrm {j} ^{2}=\mathrm {k} ^{2}=\mathrm {i} \mathrm {j} \mathrm {k} =-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=\mathrm {j} ^{2}=\mathrm {k} ^{2}=\mathrm {i} \mathrm {j} \mathrm {k} =-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/908c8b05546cf868bc6765925da7f00343e24dd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} ^{2}=\mathrm {j} ^{2}=\mathrm {k} ^{2}=\mathrm {i} \mathrm {j} \mathrm {k} =-1}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Quaternionen (Symbol oft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e050965453c42bcc6bd544546703c836bdafeac9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }" loading="lazy"></span> nach ihrem Entdecker <a href="William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">W. R. Hamilton</a>) bilden eine vierdimensionale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Algebra mit Division und assoziativer (aber nicht kommutativer) Multiplikation. Es handelt sich bei den Quaternionen also um einen <a href="Schiefk%C3%B6rper" title="Schiefkörper">Schiefkörper</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biquaternionen">Biquaternionen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternion</a></i></div>
<p>Die Biquaternionen sind als Quaternionen mit komplexen Koeffizienten definiert, d.&nbsp;h., sie bilden einen vierdimensionalen Vektorraum über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> ebenso, wie die Quaternionen einen vierdimensionalen Vektorraum über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> bilden.
</p><p>Es gibt zwei unterschiedliche Biquaternion: Hamilton-Biquaternion und Clifford-Biquaternion.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oktonionen">Oktonionen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Oktave_(Mathematik)" title="Oktave (Mathematik)">Oktave (Mathematik)</a></i></div>
<p>Die Oktonionen (Symbol <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {O} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {O} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1ed2664a4fe515e6fbed25a7193ce663b82920c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {O} }" loading="lazy"></span>, auch <i>Oktaven</i> genannt) sind achtdimensionale hyperkomplexe Zahlen mit Division und <a href="Alternativit%C3%A4t" title="Alternativität">alternativer</a> Multiplikation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sedenionen">Sedenionen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Sedenion" title="Sedenion">Sedenion</a></i></div>
<p>Die Sedenionen (Symbol <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f9d5874c5d7f68eba1cec9da9ccbe53903303bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>) sind sechzehndimensionale hyperkomplexe Zahlen. Ihre Multiplikation ist weder kommutativ, assoziativ noch alternativ. Auch besitzen sie keine Division; stattdessen haben sie <a href="Nullteiler" title="Nullteiler">Nullteiler</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadratische_Matrizen">Quadratische Matrizen</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix (Mathematik)</a></i></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürliche Zahl</a>. Der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7095e87521f2c247d021fa7101072f11beba0a70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.161ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann eine <a href="Algebra_%C3%BCber_einem_K%C3%B6rper" title="Algebra über einem Körper">Algebra</a> mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\times n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\times n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59d2b4cb72e304526cf5b5887147729ea259da78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.63ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\times n}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> als Einselement – also auch eine hyperkomplexe Algebra. Genauer ist sie eine <a href="Assoziativgesetz" title="Assoziativgesetz">assoziative</a> hyperkomplexe Algebra und damit auch ein <a href="Ring_(Algebra)" title="Ring (Algebra)">Ring</a> und als solcher auch <a href="Ring_(Algebra)#Ring_mit_Eins" title="Ring (Algebra)">unitär</a>. Die reellzahligen Vielfachen der Einheitsmatrix bilden eine zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> isomorphe Unteralgebra.
</p><p>Im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es Unteralgebren, die zu den oben genannten drei zweidimensionalen Algebren isomorph sind; sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die <a href="Hauptdiagonale" title="Hauptdiagonale">Hauptdiagonalelemente</a> stets übereinstimmen (was dem Realteil entspricht) und für die Elemente der <a href="Nebendiagonale" title="Nebendiagonale">Nebendiagonalen</a> Regeln gelten, die die dargestellte Algebra festlegen:
</p>
<ul><li>Ein Nebendiagonalelement ist 0. → Die Algebra ist isomorph zu den Dualen Zahlen.</li>
<li>Beide Nebendiagonalelemente stimmen überein. → Die Algebra ist isomorph zu den Binären Zahlen.</li>
<li>Jedes Nebendiagonalelement ist das Negative des anderen. → Die Algebra ist isomorph zu den komplexen Zahlen.</li></ul>
<p>Bemerkung: Jede Matrix des dritten Typs, durch die Determinante dividiert, ist eine <a href="Drehmatrix" title="Drehmatrix">Drehmatrix</a> des zweidimensionalen Raums; jede Matrix des zweiten Typs durch ihre Determinante (falls diese von 0 verschieden ist) entspricht einer <a href="Lorentz-Transformation" title="Lorentz-Transformation">Lorentz-Transformation</a> in einem 1+1-dimensionalen <a href="Minkowski-Raum" title="Minkowski-Raum">Minkowski-Raum</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bemerkungen">Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<ul><li>Mit dem <a href="Verdopplungsverfahren" title="Verdopplungsverfahren">Verdopplungsverfahren</a> (auch als Cayley-Dickson-Verfahren bekannt) lassen sich neue hyperkomplexe Zahlensysteme erzeugen, deren Dimension doppelt so groß ist wie die des Ausgangszahlensystems.</li>
<li>Jede <a href="Clifford-Algebra" title="Clifford-Algebra">Clifford-Algebra</a> ist ein assoziatives hyperkomplexes Zahlensystem.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Ulf_von_Rauchhaupt" title="Ulf von Rauchhaupt">Ulf von Rauchhaupt</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/die-verblueffende-vielfalt-der-zahlen-15055148.html"><i>Von natürlich bis hyperkomplex</i></a> Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 11. Juni 2017</li>
<li><a href="Heinz-Dieter_Ebbinghaus" title="Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus">Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus</a> et al.: <i>Zahlen</i> (Grundwissen Mathematik). 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-54055-654-0.</li>
<li>Isaj L. Kantor, Alexander S. Solodownikow: <i>Hyperkomplexe Zahlen</i> (<a href="Mathematische_Sch%C3%BClerb%C3%BCcherei" title="Mathematische Schülerbücherei">Mathematische Schülerbücherei</a>; Bd. 95). B.G. Teubner, Leipzig 1978.</li>
<li>N.N. Vil'yams: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Hypercomplex number</cite>. In: <a href="Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Michiel Hazewinkel</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></cite>. Springer-Verlag und <a href="European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS</a> Press, Berlin 2002, ISBN 1-55608-010-7 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/hypercomplex_number">encyclopediaofmath.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Hyperkomplexe+Zahl&amp;rft.atitle=Hypercomplex+number&amp;rft.au=N.N.+Vil%27yams&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1556080107&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+und+EMS+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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